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Scientists identify building blocks behind birdsong diversity

scienceJul 24, 202618400

A French research team led by University of Saint-Etienne PhD student Quentin Bacquelé analysed about 116,000 recordings from more than 3,000 bird species and found all songs are composed from eight fundamental motifs. The motifs include three types of trill, three types of whistle, chaotic notes and harmonies, and AI-driven comparison of temporal patterns revealed these recurrent building blocks. The researchers report that habitat strongly shapes motif use: tropical forest birds more often use simpler motifs such as flat whistles, while temperate-zone birds more often produce complex compositions with ultrafast trills. The paper interprets this as an evolutionary trade-off, with complex songs carrying more information but transmitting poorly in dense, biodiverse soundscapes. Bacquelé told BBC News the motif framework could help scientists track how birds adapt their songs to increasing human-made background noise. He also warned that destroying or altering habitats may render existing songs maladapted to new environments, reinforcing the importance of conserving natural soundscapes.

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