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Scientists identify building blocks behind birdsong diversity

scienceJul 24, 202613253

French scientists led by University of Saint-Etienne PhD student Quentin Bacquelé analysed about 116,000 recordings from more than 3,000 bird species and found all birdsong is built from eight fundamental sound types they call motifs. The motifs break down into three types of trill, three types of whistle, chaotic notes and harmonies, and individual songs are combinations of those elements. Using AI to compare temporal patterns across the global dataset, the team found habitat shapes motif use: tropical forest species favour simpler flat whistles that carry through dense, noisy vegetation while temperate species more often use ultrafast trills and complex combinations suited to shorter-range communication. The researchers describe this as a simplicity underlying birdsongs' spectacular diversity and say changing soundscapes from human activity could disrupt which motifs remain effective. Bacquelé suggested motifs could help scientists track how birds adapt their songs to new background noise and inform conservation of natural soundscapes.

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